abstract：:The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a highly expressed glycoprotein present on all nucleated cells of hematopoietic origin. To date, all the functions attributed to CD45 are inherently coupled to its phosphatase activity. For instance, the regulation of lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling is mediated through th...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Steff AM,Fortin M,Philippoussis F,Lesage S,Arguin C,Johnson P,Hugo P

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Semaphorins are a large family of membrane-bound and secreted molecules involved in numerous functions, including axon guidance, morphogenesis, carcinogenesis, and immunomodulation. A growing number of semaphorins--namely, human CD100/SEMA4D, CD108/SEMA7A, and SEMA3A; viral semaphorins, SemaVA and SemaVB; and, very re...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Elhabazi A,Marie-Cardine A,Chabbert-de Ponnat I,Bensussan A,Boumsell L

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T lymphocytes recognize antigen presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells byMHC class I and class II molecules. Classically, MHC class I molecules present self- or pathogen-derived antigens that are synthesized within the cell, whereas exogenous antigens derived via endocytic uptake are loaded onto MHC clas...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Belz GT,Carbone FR,Heath WR

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has long since been recognized that mast cells are critical effectors of anaphylactic reactions, and the existence of these potentially hazardous cells has solely been justified due to their beneficial role in some infections with extracellular parasites. A novel understanding of mast cells as sentinels of the immu...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Stassen M,Hültner L,Schmitt E

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autoimmunity to glutamate receptors (GluR) of the central nervous system offers an attractive model to begin the experimental dissection of the etiology of immune-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here we discuss the known mechanisms of generating autoimmunity to different members of the GluR neurotransmitter recept...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Gahring LC,Rogers SW

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antigen presentation is a critical regulatory element for the induction of cellular immune responses. Thus, one of the principal current goals of tumor immunotherapy is to control and enhance tumor antigen presentation. In this respect, dendritic cells (DC) are now being widely investigated as immunotherapeutic agents...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Gunzer M,Grabbe S

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Successful application of active immunotherapy to the treatment of cancer will require stimulation of potent antigen-specific T-cell responses. It is not known how numerous or how potent these T cells must be in order to abrogate tumors, but the levels of immunity needed to control chronic viral infections may provide...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Hobeika AC,Clay TM,Mosca PJ,Lyerly HK,Morse MA

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is increasingly clear that immunity to "self"-antigens may result in tumor destruction in mouse and man. But which antigens should be targeted with therapeutic cancer vaccines? In the case of melanoma, recognition of melanocyte differentiation antigens (MDA) can be associated with autoimmune depigmentation (vitilig...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Overwijk WW,Restifo NP

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major function of the T-cell receptor is to confer antigen specificity to T cells. However, nascent TCR proteins that are not assembled into functional heterodimers may be processed and displayed with self MHC molecules on the T-cell surface, and are thought to be the genesis of autoregulatory T cells that can lim...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Vandenbark AA,Culbertson N,Finn T,Barnes D,Buenafe A,Burrows GG,Law S,Chou YK,Offner H

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two molecules that regulate cell fusion have been identified and designated fusion regulatory protein-1 (FRP-1) and FRP-2. FRP-1 is a complex composed of a glycosylated heavy chain and a nonglycosylated light chain that are disulfide linked. FRP-1 heavy chain is identical to 4F2/CD98 heavy chain, whereas FRP-2 is iden...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Tsurudome M,Ito Y

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Botulism, which was first reported over a century ago, is caused by botulinum neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum in seven immunological serotypes (A through G). The primary structures of a number of these BoNTs have been determined and are reviewed here, together with their gene structure and synthesis. The...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Atassi MZ,Oshima M

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are a defining feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The molecular characterization of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies reveals that they are actively selected for binding to antigen. Evidence for antigen selection includes the use of suitable rearrangement products, the swi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Radic MZ,Cocca BA,Seal SN

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD1 is a family of cell surface glycoproteins that are related in structure and evolutionary origin to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigen-presenting molecules. In contrast to MHC-encoded antigen-presenting molecules, CD1 binds and presents lipid and glycolipid antigens for specific recognition ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Jackman RM,Moody DB,Porcelli SA

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The influence of stress on immune function is well recognized. Indeed for some authors, the changes induced by combinations of vigorous exercise and heat exposure are merely examples of a more generalized stress response. However, there has been surprisingly little consideration of how far disturbances of immune funct...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Shephard RJ,Shek PN

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although our knowledge and understanding of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have expanded considerably, the long-term work needed to assay CTL has precluded their analysis in large numbers of patients. Moreover, in vitro culture steps may introduce major biases. New approaches to identify tumor-specific C...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Faure F,Even J,Kourilsky P

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hematopoiesis is a developmental process that evolves throughout the lifespan of an individual. Most work in the field has focused on events occurring in the adult bone marrow (BM). In the embryo, blood and endothelial cell generation begins very early after gastrulation, in defined intraembryonic mesodermic sites. Re...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Morales-Alcelay S,Copín SG,Martínez JA,Morales P,Minguet S,Gaspar ML,Marcos MA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review we discuss several molecules that are attractive candidates as transducing molecules involved in signaling processes. IL-2 receptor signaling is a complex process involving a large number of molecules: Ras, Rho, PI3 kinase, PKC, Akt, transcription factors NF-AT, and NF-kappaB and some target genes such ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Gómez J,González A,Martínez-A C,Rebollo A

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A single-chain Fv (sFv) was expressed from the variable regions of the CD40-specific mAb G28-5. The molecule bound CD40 with a high affinity (2.2 nM) and was a monomer in solution. Surprisingly, G28-5 sFv was a potent CD40 agonist that rapidly crosslinked CD40 on the cell surface but did not crosslink CD40-Ig in solut...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Ledbetter JA,Francisco JA,Siegall CB,Gilliland LK,Hollenbaugh D,Aruffo A,Siadak AW,Mischel-Petty N,Grosmaire LS,Gordon ML,Brown TJ,Moran-Davis P,Mittler RS,Kiener PA,Nadler SG

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In rheumatoid arthritis, HLA-DR alleles associated with elevated relative risk share a common sequence in the third hypervariable domain of the major histocompatibility complex class II molecule (MHC II). Immunization of mice with a peptide vaccine comprised of the appropriate MHC II sequence in adjuvant blocked the o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Spack EG

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The reports in 1993 that naked DNA encoding viral genes conferred protective immunity came as a surprise to most vaccinologists. This review analyses the expanding number of examples where plasmid DNA induces immune responses. Issues such as the type of immunity induced, mechanisms of immune protection, and how DNA va...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Manickan E,Karem KL,Rouse BT

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The largest lymphoid organ in the body, the intestine, is also the most intriguing and complex. At its root, the gastrointestinal immune system must permit the absorption of nutrients while protecting against invasion of pathogens. In the process, it must sort through vast antigenic challenges and orchestrate an immun...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Abreu-Martin MT,Targan SR

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a multifunctional cytokine. It plays an important role in the pathophysiology of several diseases. Recently, it has been discovered that TNF is circulating in two different forms, a bioactive form and an immunologically detectable form. These two forms of TNF show different clearance kin...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Bemelmans MH,van Tits LJ,Buurman WA

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two signals are required for induction of cell proliferation and cytokine production in resting T cells. Occupancy of the T cell receptor by antigen/MHC complexes delivers the first signal to the T cell, while the second signal is provided by interaction with costimulatory ligands on APC. CD2, LFA-1, and CD28 are the ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Wingren AG,Parra E,Varga M,Kalland T,Sjögren HO,Hedlund G,Dohlsten M

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The history and evolutionary pathways of defense reactions among various forms of life are reconstructed. The vertebrates evolved step-by-step from their invertebrate ancestors living in the distant past. The ancestry of vertebrate defense mechanisms must be traceable to them because these functions cannot be consider...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Sima P,Vetvicka V

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural killer (NK) cells probably function as an early defense line against viruses, due to their ability to kill virus-infected cells without resorting to clonal proliferation of memory cells. NK cells are also capable of killing tumor cells. In both cases the killing is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) unrest...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Reiter Z

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The spleen is an important lymphoid organ, involved in immune responses against all types of antigen that appear in the circulation. Its complex anatomical organization, with distinct compartments containing specialized cell types, provides a microenvironment which allows different cell-cell interactions and determine...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Van den Eertwegh AJ,Boersma WJ,Claassen E

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bispecific antibodies--molecules combining two different antigenic specificities--are currently being developed as new agents for immunotherapy and for basic studies in cell biology. Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are prepared by chemically linking two different monoclonal antibodies or by fusing two hybridoma cell line...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Fanger MW,Morganelli PM,Guyre PM

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three factors with distinct function are involved in the regulation of the B-cell response into antibody-producing cells: (1) a factor for the activation of resting B cells (BSF1/IL-4), (2) a factor for the growth of activated B cells (BCGFII/IL-5), and (3) a factor for the final maturation of B cells into antibody-pr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Taga T,Kishimoto T

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ig heavy chain class switching results from recombination that specifically joins together tandemly repeated sequences called S-regions. S-regions are located 5' of every CH gene except C delta. Recombination between S mu and a downstream S-region results in the juxtaposition of the rearranged variable region genes wi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Gritzmacher CA

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The CD4 surface determinant, previously associated as a phenotypic marker for helper/inducer subsets of T lymphocytes, has now been critically identified as the binding/entry protein for human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). The human CD4 molecule is readily detectable on monocytes, T lymphocytes, and brain tissues. S...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Farrar WL,Harel-Bellan A,Ferris DK

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Simplified procedures for determining amino acid sequences in proteins and nucleotide sequences in DNA have rapidly expanded the number of MHC molecules for which primary amino acid structure is known. These molecules will be especially valuable as tools to study the structure-function relationships of globular protei...

journal_title：Critical reviews in immunology

authors： Rodey GE,Fuller TC

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00